Crossed Swords

The US-Pakistan relationship is a long one and often filled with mutual distrust on both sides. It has also provoked much street unrest within Pakistan, a country facing a hostile larger neighbour, India, and wracked by internal wars and insurrections, pitting linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups against each other and the state. Yet, Pakistan remains a key to the future stability and growth of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Gulf region, as a major Muslim country, armed with nuclear weapons, and with a growing and predominantly youthful population of some 160 million. Recently, it has seen the emergence of heavily armed Jihadi groups, bent upon imposing their own view of Islamic Law on a Pakistani population that is largely moderate but silent. These uprisings have pitted the Jihadis and their Al Qaeda associates against the army, breaking a relationship between the Mullahs and the Military that was born during the regime of General Ziaul Haq in the 1980s and sustained by Pakistan's support of the Kashmiri uprising against India through the army's Jihadi surrogates. Pakistan has also witnessed proxy wars between Shia and Sunni extremists, financed by local and foreign sources. Many fear that an undemocratic Pakistan fighting its many internal wars may become a 'failed state', with dire consequences for the volatile and strategic region of the world in which it resides. The Pakistan army is at the centre of this maelstrom, with President Pervez Musharraf, who has been ruling since 1999 after a coup d'etat against an elected prime minister, still wearing his uniform as the Chief of Army Staff. Regardless of whether he stays or goes, the role and nature of the Pakistan army remains key to Pakistan's future. Will it continue to intrude into national politics? Or will a democratic system emerge and be sustained by the politicians, many of whom have been too keen in the past to bring in the army into managing the state. Will the conflict between the constitutional authority of the state and the coercive power of the military ever end? Or will an eventually unstable and Islamist-controlled army contribute to the collapse of the current Pakistani state and change its relationship with the West? Based on 30 years of research and analysis, Shuja Nawaz, who has ancient military ties and whose brother, General Asif Nawaz, was army chief over 1991-93, delves into these and other questions. This book is a profound, multi-layered, and historical analysis of the nature and role of the Pakistan army in the country's polity as well as its turbulent relationship with the United States. Nawaz examines the army and Pakistan in both peace and war. Using many hitherto unpublished materials from the archives of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the General Headquarters of the Pakistan army, as well as interviews with key military and political figures in Pakistan and the United States, he sheds light not only on the Pakistan army and its US connections but also on Pakistan as a key Muslim country in one of the world's toughest neighbourhoods. In doing so, he lays bare key facts about Pakistan's numerous wars with India and its many rounds of political musical chairs, as well as the Kargil conflict of 1998. He then draws lessons from this history that may help Pakistan end its wars within and create a stabler political entity. This book takes you behind the headlines.